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Teams & Groupwork

Teams and groupwork

Reflecting on Teamwork

Team and group projects at University provide an opportunty to 'learn by doing'.

You will find that you’re building valuable interpersonal, professional and employability skills alongside your subject knowledge and specialist skills. So, it is good to think about how you reflect, document and share this learning. It is likely that you will be asked to write an individual reflection alongside participating in groupwork. This is an important part of the process because it requires you to revisit and assess how well you engaged in the work, what you learned from it and how you can apply this in the future.


Top Tip!
A top tip is to start a team (and individual) ‘lessons learned log’ on day 1 of any project!  If you keep track of what you're learning as you go, it will help you write up any reflective report or review (a common requirement in team assignments).

By incorporating the frameworks introduced in this guide, your reflection will go beyond just describing your experience—it will demonstrate a deeper understanding of teamwork dynamics and how they can be improved:

  • Tuckman’s team lifecycle model – Identify which stage your team was in at different points and how you navigated transitions.
  • Adair’s 3 circle model – Reflect on whether your team balanced task, team, and individual needs effectively.
  • Belbin’s team roles – Assess whether roles were well-distributed and how different contributions impacted the team’s success.
  • Thomas-Kilmann conflict model – Consider how conflicts were handled and whether a more effective approach could have been used.
  • Lencioni’s dysfunctions – Evaluate any team challenges you faced and how they were overcome.

Frameworks for Reflection

There are several reflective frameworks that can be used to tease out and structure the learning gained from experiences like working on a team project. The Guide to Reflective Writing provides examples and guidance.

DIO Framework for Reflecting on Teamwork

DIO Framework for Reflecting on Teamwork

The Describe-Interpret-Outcome reflective framework involves:

Describing something that happened
Interpreting (analysing and explaining) what happened often with reference to a model or theory
Thinking carefully about the outcome of what happened and what it means for you and your ongoing learning

 

DESCRIPTION

What happened? What is being examined?

Specific tasks were shared out amongst members of my team. Initially, however, the tasks were not seen as equally difficult by all team members

INTERPRETATION

What is interesting about this? How can it be explained? What theory does this relate to?

Cooperation between group members was at risk because of this perception of unfairness. Social interdependence theory recognises a type of group interaction called ‘positive interdependence’, meaning cooperation (Johnson & Johnson, 1993, cited by Maughan & Webb, 2001), and many studies have demonstrated that 'cooperative learning experiences encourage higher achievement' (Maughan & Webb, 2001).

OUTCOME

What have I learned from this? What does this mean for the future?

Ultimately, our group achieved a successful outcome, but to improve our achievement, we perhaps needed a leader to help encourage cooperation when tasks were being shared out. In future group work, I would probably suggest this.

Example adapted from: HAMPTON, Martin. 2010. "Reflective writing: a basic introduction" University of Portsmouth, Department for Curriculum and Quality Enhancement

STAR Framework for Reflecting on Teamwork

STAR Framework for Reflecting on Teamwork

Teamwork comes up a lot in job applications and  interviews, and the STAR model (Situation-Task-Action-Result) is one that is often used in these professional contexts. Here's an example:

SITUATION

Describe the situation you encountered:

The group was trying to decide how to tackle the assignment. I had been voted as Chair, so I needed to moderate the session and make sure we created an action plan everyone would be committed to

TASK

Explain what task the situation created:

We decided on a case study but everyone had different ideas about what theory to apply. Emma was very quiet and her body language suggested she was uncomfortable. Nilanjana and Faiz tried to voice their ideas but Nick was very dominating in his suggestions and disagreed with anyone who offered alternatives.

ACTION

Explain what action you took:

Because Nick was dominating, I suggested we try a different technique. We all used sticky notes to write down our preferred approach and stuck them on the board. Then we each wrote one reason why that approach would be good, and one criticism of it. After this, we discussed each idea along with its pros and cons. Everyone ranked each idea out of a score of 5, and we added these together to identify the most popular approach.

RESULT

Evaluate how your action changed things and what you learnt:

Although it was hard to intervene, everyone responded well to my suggestion to turn the debate into an activity. Changing the communication from verbal to written mode disrupted Nick’s domination and allowed everyone to contribute. In the end Emma’s idea was identified as the best. Although I dealt with the situation positively, in hindsight I think it would have been better to discuss as a group how we would make complicated decisions rather than impose a method on them.